In this study, modeling and fault detection of a novel faulty quadrotor is presented. It is assumed that a quadrotor vehicle has encountered a fault during a flight accident, and as a result, one of the rotors does not operate vertically. Although the rotor's rotational axis has deviated from the vertical direction, the amount of produced thrust remains constant. Detecting this fault along with utilizing a proper controlling approach can reduce the risk of failure in the vehicle. Based on this statement, the procedure of this study has been developed in three main stages. First, the kinematic and dynamic equations governing the faulty system are driven using Newton's second law and Euler's principle. Then, equations governing the faulty system and the Thau observer are employed to calculate the residual value. This parameter is calculated based on the differences between states’,measurement and estimation. Eventually, by comparing the computed residual value with the assumed threshold, thrust deviation in the shortest possible time has been detected.

The study area from Sedimentary-structurl Units of Iran is located in Khoy ophiolite zone and Alborz-Azarbayjan zone. Studied area is in northwest Khoy between 44o 30´ E and 45o00´E longitudes and38o 30' N and 39o 00´ N latitudes. This research uses calculation of morphotectonic indexes to study effects of active range boundary within range faults in study area on drainage pattern and river streams. Using the results of calculating some morphotectonical index in combinations with other data types, neotectonical activities rate is determined in some selected basins.

The Hesar-Kuchok area is located between 38◦ 35\ 34\\ - 38◦30/ north and 44◦ 35\ 34\\ - 34◦30/ east in northwestern Iran, approximately 45 km south west of Khoy. Hesar-Kuchuk area is located in a part of Khoy melange ophiolite. There are many shear structures in this area. According to the information obtained from the studies of shear structures along the Hesar-Kouchok fault zone (HKFZ which the structures were both high temperature and low temperature, so that the most important shear sense markers high temperatures include S-C shear bands, mineral fish, elongated feldspar bands, -type mantle porphyroclasts, sigmoid and asymmetric boudins. The most important shear sense markers in low grade shear zones are -type mantle porphyroclasts, undulose extinction at quartz. The model as proposed in research area as dextral transpression tectonic regime. The presence shear sense indicators such as -type mantle porphyroclasts, S-C fabrics and mineral fish indicate strong strike-slip movements in the region. Also, the observation of the HKFZ indicates thrusting in this area.

Development of drainage basins has close relation with geomorphologic and geologic parameters. Therefore, study the relation between structural parameters like faults and development of drainage basins has greatly considered in hydrology and hydrogeology studies. Saravan drainage basin is a perfectly long basin that is extended along Saravan fault. In this survey, the method for studying morphometric and geology indices has been implemented for development of drainage basin. Clearly, present morphology is reflecting the erosion and geological processes particularly in Quaternary age. Saravan drainage basin is in the south-east part of Iran and has developed on flysch of this area. Drainage of Saravan basin joins to Mashkid river and finally leads to Pakistan. Different factors and parameters are important in formation and development of drainage basins including topographic, litho logy and structural factors. One of the important factors in development of this drainage basin is the evolution and activity of Saravan thrust fault.Saravan fault with N135-145 trend has located on the north edge of Quaternary alluvial of the basin. The fault slope is approximately at same direction with flysch layering and slope direction's is 45-60 degree toward north-east. Saravan catchment basin is a long basin with 5.07 length to width ratio. Prepared maps and profile sections show a clear tilting and asymmetric basin. Morph metric index of tilting of basin (T) is maximum 0.72 and is maximum 0.83 in alluvial basin part. Asymmetric AF index is equal to 62.28 and it is equal 78.74 in the alluvial part. Clear asymmetric of basin and fault position on the north edge basin with average Smf equal to 1.42 showes that Saravan fault has been relatively an active fault. This fault has affected on formation and morphogenesis of Saravan drainage basin during its evolution. Younger northern-southern faults with dextral strike-slip (as Gosht fault) has caused small bent on general trend of alluvial along the drainage basin.

The Siah Cheshmeh-Khoy fault system is one of the principal faults in NW of Iran, and a right-lateral strike-slip activity has been reported for its different segments. Landsat 7 satellite images of the area confirm the right-lateral strike-slip motion of this fault system, where deflected drainages of large rivers and displaced alluvial fans can be detected across the segments of the fault zone. The amount of alluvial fans displacement in Dasht-e-Zurabad (along a segment of the Kamarkassan fault) was estimated to be nearly 1.8 km. In this research, the neotectonics and mechanism of the Siah Cheshmeh-Khoy fault zone has been studied by “inversion method” and based on the combination of focal mechanisms of earthquakes and field observations. Therefore, we have utilized all of the existing focal mechanism solutions of the earthquakes occurred in this area. In addition, the data measured in the field surveys include shear planes having slickenlines and the fault planes related to the Siah Cheshmeh-Khoy fault zone. These data were gathered from 7 sites, where 45 shear planes with slickenlines were measured in the young rock units. At first, the principal stress axes were obtained in all sites by inversion method, then stress state and neotectonics of the region was evaluated using combination of focal mechanisms of earthquakes and the measured field data. The results obtained from this analysis indicate a dominant strike-slip mechanism with its compression axis along NNW-SSE (N162o) direction and extension axis aligned in ESE-WNW (N255o) direction. It can be stated that the mentioned stress regime was the main factor in controlling the seismicity of this area as indicated by recorded earthquakes. Also, the right-lateral strike-slip motion of the Siah Cheshmeh-Khoy fault segments is affected by this stress regime. The results of this research are also compatible with the geodetic and GPS results done by other researches in the region.

Introduction: The 200 km long Gailatu-Siah Cheshmeh-Khoy (GSK) fault, with the same trend as the North Tabriz, Chaldiran, Nakhichevan and Pambak-Sevan-Syunik faults, is regarded as a part of the strike-slip fault system in the middle of Arabian and Eurasian collision zone, which extends from 42˚ E to 48˚ E with the Tutak and North-Tabriz faults in the west and east, respectively. This system includes a series of right-lateral strike-slip faults between the southern front of the Lesser Caucasus in the northeast and Bitlis-Zagros suture zone in the southwest. Tchalenko (1977), Apart and Iz (1977) and Baraka and Kadinsky-Cade (1988) was studied different segments of GSK fault and Berberian (1997) and Karakhanian et al. (1998, 2002 & 2004) describe them as a unified active strike-slip fault. Different sections of GSK fault was named by previous authors as the Northwestern Fault System (Tchalenko, 1977) and Balikgö lü fault (Baraka and Kadinsky-Cade, 1988), as well as, considering this fault as the western continuation of the North-Tabriz and Chaldiran faults by some authors has been called, North Tabriz-Gailatu fault system (Krakhanian et al., 1998) Balikghel-North-Tabriz fault (Karakhanian et al., 2002), Guilato– Siahcheshmeh– Khoy– Tabriz (Solaymani Azad et al., 2015) and Chaldiran-Khoy fault (Berberian, 1977). Seismicity: During historical times, some destructive earthquakes especially on the northwestern parts of GSK fault have been occurred. The disastrous M=7. 4 earthquake of 1840 A. D., reported as a strongest historical earthquake along GSK fault, destroyed the region along the NW part of this fault and more than 1000 people were killed in the towns of Maku, Dogubayazit, Avajigh (Kelissa-kandi) and many villages around NW part GSK fault (Ambraseys and Melville, 1982). About 72 km surface rupture along this and eruption of Ararat volcano is presumably was related to this event (Ambraseys and Melville, 1982; Karakhanian et al., 2002). After 3 years, an earthquake in 1843 A. D. devastate khoy city and killed between 500 and 1000 people (Berberian. 1977). Maku, Avajikh, Siahcheshmeh and its surrounding area, in 1968 A. D. damaged by Bedavli earthquake, considered to be related to activity of GSK fault (Berberian. 1977). Earthquakes of 363 A. D., 1319 A. D. (Qara Kelisa earthquake), 1808 A. D., 1834 A. D (Pambukh earthquake), 1900 A. D. and 1970 A. D. (khoy and Badalan earthquakes) are the other moderate historical and instrumental earthquakes of GSK fault (Ambraseys and Melville, 1982; Berberian. 1977). Outlines of this fault is very obvious and display a series of well-developed and preserved morphologic evidence indicating recent activity of the fault, same as, fault scarps and horizontal deflection in the Quaternary features, pull-apart basins, hot water springs and uplifted terrace deposits. The available literature, fault plane solutions, offsets of various geomorphological, man-made features and basaltic lavas indicate the right-lateral strike-slip nature of the GSK fault. Debate on the eastern and the northwestern terminations of the Chaldiran and North-Tabriz faults, respectively, have been raised in the few recent decades. In this paper, we investigated linkage of the North-Tabriz and Chaldiran faults, to the southeast and northwest of GSK fault, respectively. Methods and discussion: This paper also provides critical data for the Quaternary slip rate and kinematic behavior of the GSK fault. One of the remarkable structural features is the Siah Cheshmeh pull-apart basin at a right step-over of the GSK fault. Two remarkable offsets along the strike of GSK fault define its horizontal slip rate. To determine long-term slip rates, Copley and Jackson (2006) studied two morphological features that have been displaced along the GSK fault up to 13-km, SPAB and Agchay river. By using these displacements, they estimated an average horizontal slip rate of 2-4 mmyr-1 since late Miocene along GSK fault. Along the SK, Quaternary basaltic lavas, known as Maku basalts, form a few ridges that are elongated parallel to the strike of the fault and displaced by ~ 725± 50. Using the about 400 kyr published age of these basalts (Pb206/U238 and Ar40/Ar39 dating methods, Allen et al., 2011; Lechmann et al., 2018), a mean slip rate is 1/65 ± 0. 1 mmyr-1. On the SK segment, we excavated a trench to determine the fault geometry and its rake, and assessment of offsets which conditioned by the fault activity. In the trench, faults are shallow dipping with thrusting components that resemble foreberg structures in pressure ridges along strike-slip faults. Radiocarbon dating of the youngest deposits in the stream wall which displaced by 42± 4 m, yield 6764± 283 calBC, indicate the horizontal slip rate of 4. 6± 0. 3 mmyr-1. Also, ourOur field observations have not identified any step along the SK segment, where more than four releasing and restraining bends have been reported by some authors along the GS segment. The existence of multiple bends along the GS segment relative to SK fault indicates lower geological offset of GS fault relative to SK fault, in accordance with theoretical consideration of Wesnousky (1988) for strike-slip faults. Based on this theory, the number of steps per unit length along the trace of strike-slip fault zones is a decreasing function of cumulative geological offset. In addition, published geodetic results show that the largest displacements occur along the North-Tabriz and Chaldiran faults, in the northwestern Iran and Eastern Turkey. Conclusion: Our results indicate that, SK segment of the GSK fault, due to its greater activity relative to its GS segment, can be considered as the western and eastern continuation of north Tabriz and Chaldiran faults, with a high slip rate.

High Zagros zone in southeast Kermanshah is bordered between two Radiolarite and Zagros Fold Belt and consist of abundant NW-SE trending thrust faults and folds sub-parallel to Zagros fold belt. Several structural cross-sections were prepared in NE-SW direction perpendicular to the trend of the structures. Main thrusts were cut by some local strike-slip faults due to difference in their displacement. The Kohsefid thrust fault (FA) is one of the main thrusts that divide the northern Radiolarite zone from the High Zagros Zone. This fault is limiting the southern boundary of the Radiolarite zone. It displaced as a reverse fault during contraction tectonic in Late Cretaceous. The flysh facies of Amiran formation in Zagros Fold Belt with Paleocene age contain radiolarite fragments and confirms this event. It seems that the Garo Formation plays a detachment surface role for these thrusts in the High Zagros zone. The foreland in Zagros, commenced to deform by thrusting and folding in Late Cretaceous in the High Zagros zone and by later collision of the Arabian plate with the Iranian plate, rock units in the Zagros Fold Belt were deformed.

Kareh Bas fault system with a total length of more than 200 km is a nearly N-S trending transverse fault system in Zagros folds and thrust belt. This system is situated about 40 km in the west of Shiraz.Having a right-lateral strike slip fault system and based on its geometry, it consists of six structural segments.In this paper for the first time, the type and attitude of Mountain Front Fault (MFF) have been determined by data integration and Kareh Bas fault system, that caused approximately 109 km strike separation of MFF, has also been introduced as a transcurrent fault system. In addition, the role of this fault system in the basin partitioning, thickness and facies controlling of sediments since Middle Cretaceous is discussed. Finally, fractal dimensions have been analyzed on spot space image maps.

Iran is a wide compressional deformation and seismic activity zone along the Alpine-Himalayan orogenic belt resulting from the conversion motion between the stable Arabian and Eurasian plates. Northwestern Iran is part of a complex tectonic system within the Arabia-Eurasia collision zone. The main active fault of northwestern Iran is the Gailatu–Tabriz strike-slip fault system (GTFS) that extends ~400 km in length from north of Mianeh (a town in the East-Azarbaijan province of Iran) to the southwest and south of Kaghsman (in Turkey) to the northwest. It has a conspicuous history of seismicity and a controlling role in the geodynamics of the region. In this study, we utilize satellite images, DEM images, field evidence, earthquake information, and GPS data, to investigate the active tectonic characteristics of the GTFS. From the southeast to the northwest, GTFS consists of three main fault zones, named: North Tabriz Fault, Mishu-Tasuj Fault, and Gailatu-Siah Cheshmeh-Khoy Fault. Near Kaghsman, the northwestern end of the GTFS forms a horsetail splay structure, with many faults having normal components, and to the east, GTFS merges with the Bozghush fault zone. GTFS shows a variety of transtension and transpression tectonic structures (stepovers, bendings, pull-apart basins, and splay structures) formed in the dextral shear zone. North Tabriz fault zone is characterized by three main NW striking right-stepping en echelon segments (Bostan Abad, Shebli, and Tabriz fault segments) and is known as the causative fault of three destructive historical earthquakes on 1042/11/04 (Mw 7/6), 1721/04/26 (Mw 7/7), and 1780/01/08 (Mw 7/7). To the east, it joins the Bozghush thrust fault zone that caused the 2019/11/07 (Mw 6/0) earthquake on its Shalgun-Yelimsi left-lateral strike-slip fault segment. In the central part of the GTFS, the Mishu-Tasuj fault zone is formed as a transpressional bend. The macroseismic epicenter of the 1786/10 (Mw 6/2) earthquake is located near this fault zone. Thrust faults in the southern part of the Mishu-Tasuj fault zone are parallel with close distances, and have uplifted the land masses; probably representing the migration of thrust faulting into the southern plains; similar to the Esfarayen and Sabzevar thrust faults in northeastern Iran. Four pull-apart basins have been created due to the movement of fault segments along the Gailatu-Siah Cheshmeh-Khoy fault. The current kinematics of the GTFS plays a key role in the tectonic of northwestern Iran and accommodates part of the convergence movement between the Eurasian and Arabian plates. Earthquake history and geometry of different segments of the GTFS imply seismic gap, especially on the North Tabriz fault, and faults interaction (e.g., between Shalgun-Yelimsi left-lateral strike-slip fault and south Bozghush thrust fault, and Gailatu-Siah Cheshmeh-Khoy right-lateral strike-slip fault and Tasuj thrust fault) which are important issues in seismic hazard in northwestern, especially for Tabriz City with a population of about 1.5 million.

Introduction: Tectonics play an important role in the evolution of large-scale gravitational phenomenon (Galadini, 2006), mainly through the formation of steep slopes. Competing tectonic and surface processes build and destroy topography in active orogens, hence, thrusting, crustal thickening and isostatic response result in rock uplift and relief production (Agliardi et al., 2013). In some cases, the faults play a primary role in increasing the local relief and their activity is an important geomorphic factor conditioning the gravitational movements (Galadini, 2006). We have studied this kind of gravitational movements and slope instabilities termed “ Deep-Seated Gravitational Slope Deformation (DSGSD)” . This paper focuses on a study aimed at defining the role of structural setting, local uplift and morpho-structural evolution on the onset and development of a DSGSD that affects the western parts of the Siahcheshmeh pull-apart basin (SPAB) in a releasing bend of the Gailatu-Siah Cheshmeh-Khoy fault. DSGSD: DSGSDs are gravity-induced and large to extremely large mass movements generally affecting the entire length of high-relief slopes, extending up to 200– 300 m in depth, which can frequently extend beyond the slope ridge and evolving over long periods of time. (Crosta et al., 2013). DSGSDs are not considered hazardous phenomena because they evolve very slowly. Despite their slow deformation rates, they can cause damage to surface and underground man-made structures (Soldati, 2013). The main feature that distinguishes DSGSDs from landslides is the absence of a continuous or well-defined sliding surface (Soldati, 2013) and discontinuous or poorly defined boundaries, both laterally and at their lower ends (Crosta et al., 2013). Gailatu-Siah Cheshmeh-Khoy fault: The 200 km long (Karakhanian et al., 2004; Berberian, 1977) Gailatu-Siah Cheshmeh-Khoy fault, with the same trend as the North Tabriz, Chaldiran, Nakhichevan and Pambak-Sevan-Syunik faults, is regarded as a part of the active strike-slip fault system in the Arabian and Eurasian collision zone, which extends from 42Ë š E to 48Ë š E with the Tutak and North-Tabriz faults in the west and east, respectively (Selç uk et al., 2016). This system includes a series of right-lateral strike-slip faults between the southern front of the Lesser Caucasus to the northeast and Bitlis-Zagros suture zone to the southwest. The available literature, fault plane solutions, offsets of various geomorphological and man-made features indicate the right-lateral strike-slip nature of the Gailatu-Siah Cheshmeh-Khoy fault. The trace of this fault is very obvious and displays a series of well-developed and preserved morphologic structures indicating recent activity of the fault, such as fault scarps and horizontal deflection in the Quaternary features, pull-apart basins, hot water springs and uplifted terrace deposits. Discussion and Results: Our geological and structural survey along the Gailatu-Siah Cheshmeh-Khoy fault confirms the presence of a large slope instability in the western flank of SPAB. In order to understand the relationship between the nucleation and evolving DSGSDs with structural aspects of this fault, we focused on slip rate of this fault in two segments, the Gailatu-Siahcheshmeh (northwestern sector of Gailatu-Siah Cheshmeh-Khoy fault) and the Siahcheshmeh-Khoy fault segments (Southeastern sector of Gailatu-Siah Cheshmeh-Khoy fault), which overlap at a right step-over in the SPAB. Along the Gailatu-Siahcheshmeh fault segment, Quaternary lavas, known as Maku basalts, form a few ridges that are elongated parallel to the strike of the fault and displaced as a result of this fault activity by ~ 725± 50. Using the about 400 kyr published age of these basalts (Pb206/U238 and Ar40/Ar39 dating methods, Allen et al., 2011; Lechmann et al., 2018), a mean slip rate has been calculated 1/65 ± 0. 1 mm/yr. On the Siahcheshmeh-Khoy fault segment, we excavated a trench to determine the fault geometry and its rake, and to assess recent offsets. Radiocarbon dating of the youngest deposits in the stream wall that displaced right-lateral by 42± 4 m, yield 6764± 283 calBC, suggest a horizontal slip rate of 4. 6± 0. 3 mm/yr. The northwestern and southeastern terminations of Siahcheshmeh-Khoy fault segments form the eastern and western flanks of SPAB, respectively. Hence, the higher slip rate of Gailatu-Siahcheshmeh fault compared to Siahcheshmeh-Khoy fault, causes uplift of the western SPAB sectors. This is accompanied by thrust faulting in a general northwest-southeast direction as a splay configuration at the termination of Siahcheshmeh-Khoy fault. Consequently, local uplift has been taken place in the western flank of SPAB that is readily obvious from higher altitude of this flank relative to the eastern side. Therefore, DSGSDs have been occurring almost along the entire slopes facing the pull-apart basin. On the other hand, decreasing altitude in the SPAB in the releasing bend and normal faults are additional controlling and intensifying factors for DSGSD. As a result, most of the expected structural features, especially splay strands of Siahcheshmeh-Khoy fault and normal faults at the margin of SPAB, have been covered by DSGSD phenomena. Therefore, except at a small part of the southwest of SPAB, we could not find exposure of normal faults along the western flank.